{"id":20342,"date":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=20342"},"modified":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","modified_gmt":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","slug":"wolfgang-schmale-for-a-democratic-united-states-of-europe-1918-1951-freemasons-human-rights-leagues-winston-s-churchill-individual-citizens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=20342","title":{"rendered":"Wolfgang Schmale, \u201cFor a Democratic &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221; (1918\u20131951): Freemasons \u2013 Human Rights Leagues \u2013 Winston S. Churchill \u2013 Individual Citizens\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The idea of a &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221; was revived during the European Parliament elections in May 2019. However, the idea dates back to the early 19th century while being particularly popular in the first half of the 20th century. It focused on how European integration is related to democracy and human rights. The main player was civil society, including, in the inter-war period, the interconnected human rights leagues and Masons. The resistance in World War II carried the idea forward. It reached its peak popularity between 1946 and 1951, when Winston Churchill pleaded in favour of a &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221;. This caused many people to write to him and those letters provide insights into the concept of a European unity from an individual point of view.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This book is based on the analysis of extensive archive material of Masons, human rights leagues and those letters to Churchill. It enhances critical research on the idea of Europe and its civil society base. It also takes a fresh look at Masons, human rights leagues and at the interconnections between the notions of Europe and civilization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/titel\/61756.html\">http:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/titel\/61756.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20343,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knjige","category-novosti"],"acf":{"facebook_opis":""},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/W-Schmale.jpg?fit=2009%2C1119&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":54819,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=54819","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":0},"title":"CfP: Charter 77 at 50: Transnational Human Rights, Social Imagination, and Civic Resistance in the (Post-)Global Age","author":"Branimir Jankovi\u0107","date":"27. srpnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"The Institute of Contemporary History and the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences invite proposals for a two-day international conference bringing together historical scholarship and contemporary reflections on civic activism and democratic resistance. Charter 77 at 50: Transnational Human Rights, Social Imagination, and Civic Resistance in the\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Novosti&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Novosti","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=3"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/hsozkult.png?fit=1006%2C241&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/hsozkult.png?fit=1006%2C241&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/hsozkult.png?fit=1006%2C241&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/hsozkult.png?fit=1006%2C241&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":52688,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=52688","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":1},"title":"Eleonora Naxidou and Yura Konstantinova \u201eBalkan Perspectives of Europe: Between East and West\u201c","author":"Filip \u0160imunjak","date":"28. travnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"Through the lens of the Balkan nations, this volume makes a valuable and significant contribution to the fields of European and Southeast European studies by reconsidering the East\/West dichotomy \u2013 both in terms of the Orient\u2013Occident divide and the Eastern\u2013Western Europe binary. 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Nourishing Victory offers a fresh comparative perspective on food and the collapse and rebuilding of political legitimacy from the regional vantage\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Victory-book.jpg?fit=1200%2C652&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Victory-book.jpg?fit=1200%2C652&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Victory-book.jpg?fit=1200%2C652&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Victory-book.jpg?fit=1200%2C652&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Victory-book.jpg?fit=1200%2C652&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":54169,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=54169","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":3},"title":"Women, Nationalism, and Social Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848\u20131918","author":"Branimir Jankovi\u0107","date":"18. lipnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"Edited by Marta Verginella Purdue University Press Series: Central European Studies 258 Pages Published 2023 Women, Nationalism, and Social Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848\u20131918 focuses on the lives of women in Southeastern Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exploring the intersection of gender and nationalism. By looking at\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif 1x, https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":54537,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=54537","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":4},"title":"Call for Applications: Visegrad Scholarship at OSA 2026\/2027","author":"Branimir Jankovi\u0107","date":"9. srpnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"The\u00a0Visegrad Scholarship at Blinken OSA Archivum\u00a0(Budapest, Hungary)\u00a0supports 8-week research stays (shorter stays pro-rated) for scholars and socially engaged artists working with the Archivum\u2019s Cold War and post-Cold War collections. Each grant is\u00a03.000,00\u20ac, intended to cover travel, accommodation and living costs. 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