{"id":20342,"date":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=20342"},"modified":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","modified_gmt":"2020-04-16T10:12:26","slug":"wolfgang-schmale-for-a-democratic-united-states-of-europe-1918-1951-freemasons-human-rights-leagues-winston-s-churchill-individual-citizens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=20342","title":{"rendered":"Wolfgang Schmale, \u201cFor a Democratic &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221; (1918\u20131951): Freemasons \u2013 Human Rights Leagues \u2013 Winston S. Churchill \u2013 Individual Citizens\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The idea of a &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221; was revived during the European Parliament elections in May 2019. However, the idea dates back to the early 19th century while being particularly popular in the first half of the 20th century. It focused on how European integration is related to democracy and human rights. The main player was civil society, including, in the inter-war period, the interconnected human rights leagues and Masons. The resistance in World War II carried the idea forward. It reached its peak popularity between 1946 and 1951, when Winston Churchill pleaded in favour of a &#8220;United States of Europe&#8221;. This caused many people to write to him and those letters provide insights into the concept of a European unity from an individual point of view.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This book is based on the analysis of extensive archive material of Masons, human rights leagues and those letters to Churchill. It enhances critical research on the idea of Europe and its civil society base. It also takes a fresh look at Masons, human rights leagues and at the interconnections between the notions of Europe and civilization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/titel\/61756.html\">http:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/titel\/61756.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20343,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knjige","category-novosti"],"acf":{"facebook_opis":""},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/W-Schmale.jpg?fit=2009%2C1119&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":52688,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=52688","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":0},"title":"Eleonora Naxidou and Yura Konstantinova \u201eBalkan Perspectives of Europe: Between East and West\u201c","author":"Filip \u0160imunjak","date":"28. travnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"Through the lens of the Balkan nations, this volume makes a valuable and significant contribution to the fields of European and Southeast European studies by reconsidering the East\/West dichotomy \u2013 both in terms of the Orient\u2013Occident divide and the Eastern\u2013Western Europe binary. Balkan Perspectives of Europe focuses on concepts of\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Balkan-Perspectives-of-Europe-Between-East-and-West.jpg?fit=350%2C525&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":54169,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=54169","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":1},"title":"Women, Nationalism, and Social Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848\u20131918","author":"Branimir Jankovi\u0107","date":"18. lipnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"Edited by Marta Verginella Purdue University Press Series: Central European Studies 258 Pages Published 2023 Women, Nationalism, and Social Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848\u20131918 focuses on the lives of women in Southeastern Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exploring the intersection of gender and nationalism. By looking at\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif 1x, https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Verginella.avif 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":52692,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=52692","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":2},"title":"Florian Bieber \u201eHvar in the Modern Age: Identity and Change in Southeast Europe\u201c","author":"Filip \u0160imunjak","date":"28. travnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"Description\u00a0 In this open-access book, Florian Bieber traces the history of the Adriatic island of Hvar over half a millennium, from the advent of Venetian rule in the 15th century to the end of Yugoslavia in the late 20th century. The history of Hvar tells a larger story about modernity,\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Florian-Bieber-Hvar-in-the-Modern-Age-Identity-and-Change-in-Southeast-Europe.webp?fit=540%2C810&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Florian-Bieber-Hvar-in-the-Modern-Age-Identity-and-Change-in-Southeast-Europe.webp?fit=540%2C810&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Florian-Bieber-Hvar-in-the-Modern-Age-Identity-and-Change-in-Southeast-Europe.webp?fit=540%2C810&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":52742,"url":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?p=52742","url_meta":{"origin":20342,"position":3},"title":"The Violent 1950s: Towards a New History of the Global \u201cPostwar\u201d Decade, Washington, DC, 25th\u201326th February 2027 (Deadline: 12th June 2026)","author":"Filip \u0160imunjak","date":"4. svibnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"This international conference aims to reassess the so-called postwar years. 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Forrest","author":"Filip \u0160imunjak","date":"28. svibnja 2026.","format":false,"excerpt":"This volume uncovers the ways in which trust and mistrust affected people\u2019s lives in premodern Europe and the Mediterranean. Trust is a fundamental part of human relationships. It forms the basis of our connections with people and institutions in a variety of ways. But without reference to the great variety\u2026","rel":"","context":"U &quot;Knjige&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Knjige","link":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Trust-and-mistrust-premodern-europe.webp?fit=596%2C905&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Trust-and-mistrust-premodern-europe.webp?fit=596%2C905&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historiografija.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Trust-and-mistrust-premodern-europe.webp?fit=596%2C905&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20342"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20344,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20342\/revisions\/20344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/20343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historiografija.hr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}